АННОТАЦИЯ
Moral attitudes form one of the basic components in human society cognition and behavior. Moral is the characteristic of the most ancient systems of culture (see in: Alexandrov, Alexandrova 2009) that influences behavior rules between members of one group and members of different social groups (nations, races, spices). Moral attitudes are very important in organization of society (Agrawal 2001) and produce such phenomena as altruism, egoism, social preferences and others, which become the reason of some negative social events. For example, too strong preferences of your own national or race group may produce such terrible phenomena as National Socialism and racism. Although in the contemporary world we have taboo for the demonstration of racism, many researches confirm that people have it on the unconscious level (Koenigs et al. 2007, Xu et al. 2009). Cunungham and colleges (2004), for example, show that we could suppress racial attitudes with consciousness control, yet we still have it on the unconscious level. Nowadays there are many researches about moral attitudes toward in- and out-group members, which try to explain how and why these phenomena appear in human beings (see Quintana 1998). But as far as we know there is no explanation in the framework of evolution approach. We supposed that the basic and more ancient strategy of behavior in the evolution is the preference of its own group, while the preference of others interests, understanding of their needs, is comparatively newer attitude. So the attitudes toward in- and out-group members should be considered in its development. Therefore the goal of this work was to study how individuals develop moral attitude towards out-group members as opposed to in-group members. We included in our analyses 98 children the ages of 3 and 11 years (52% boys and 48% girls). They comprised four age groups: 3—4 (N=15), 5—6 (N=24), 7—9 (N=42) and 10—11 (N=17) years old. We used illustrated moral dilemmas in which an ingroup member (human) gets benefit using some resource but his action indirectly lead to death of an out-group member (domestic/wild animal or alien), who needs this resource to be alive. Children were asked to choose who they would help, a human or the other, and to rate visual scale how bad the human action was. The results of the study showed that older children tended to help the out-group members more often than younger children (F; p<0,05). There were also observed correlations between children's choices in the dilemmas and their rates of the harmful actions in all groups except 3—4 years old (SR, p<0,05). Black-Gutman and Hickson (1996) showed similar development of attitudes to other race. Younger children prefer people of their own race. And these preferences diminished when children grow up. F. de Waal (1996) supposed that the number of in-group members with whom individuals are ready to share their resource depends on the amount of resource. And in case of having a little of resource individuals select in-group members for the degree of relationship. In terms of our approach this results show that individuals in the lack of resource use more ancient form of behavior — to help individuals that are more genetically close for them (to reproduce more of their own genes in future), whereas when individuals have more resource than they need they share it even with unrelated individuals (by reference of social moral norms). In this framework our results may imply that the preference of in-group members is evolutionary more ancient and more basic strategy of behavior whereas the preference of out-group members is a newly formed behavior, which is learned by individuals in sociocultural context.
ЦИТАТА
Sozinova, I.M. Dynamics of Russian children's moral attitudes toward out-group members / I.M. Sozinova, I.I. Znamenskaya // . – 2014. – P. 94
